Salamanca can refer to more than one place in the world. You could be looking for: Spain Salamanca Province, in Castile and Leon, Central Spain. Salamanca, the capital city of the aforementioned province. Salamanca, a neighbourhood in Madrid. Mexico Salamanca (Mexico), a city in Guanajuato state, in the Bajío region. United States Salamanca (New York), a city in the Southern Tier of New York State.