Brittany (French: Bretagne, Breton: Breizh) is a diverse region in northwestern France and a historic country with a distinct identity, sharing much of its Celtic heritage with Cornwall and Wales, mostly known internationally for its crêpes.
There are two regions in Brittany, which are culturally different (language, habits, dances, food, etc.): Upper Brittany (Haute-Bretagne)
("Breizh Uhel" in Breton) consists of the eastern part (Ille-et-Vilaine, Loire-Atlantique, eastern Côtes-d'Armor and eastern Morbihan), where the Gallo language is spoken.
Lower Brittany (Basse-Bretagne)
("Breizh Izel" in Breton) consists of the western part (Finistère, western Côtes-d'Armor, western Morbihan and the area around Guérande), where the Breton language is spoken.
Furthermore, the region is subdivided into four administrative departments:
Côtes-d'Armor
Formerly known as Cotes du Nord this department offers a rich abundance of coastal resorts, fishing ports and interior working. The interior is largely agricultural and dotted with small villages.
Finistère
The western-most French department; its name is from the Latin from "end of the earth".
Ille-et-Vilaine
Named after its two main rivers, it is a slightly elevated region mostly inland.
Morbihan
The name mor bihan comes from the Breton "little sea" which is a reference to the inland sea of the Golfe du Morbihan, where an abundance of wildlife thrives, together with yachts and small boats meandering between its lovely islands.
The department of Loire-Atlantique, which has been in Pays de la Loire since the 1950s, is historically and culturally related to Brittany, and the castle of Brittany's dukes is in Nantes.
Rennes – The capital of Upper Brittany, a region with a unique Celtic past and culture.
Dinan – A medieval town popular with tourists because of its picturesque timber houses, ramparts and stone walls
Dinard – Regarded as one of the most prestigious seaside resorts in all of France with its international film festival, villas, sumptuous hotels, casino and an airport
Montfort-sur-Meu – A destination of frequent pilgrimages
Saint-Malo – Once the heavily fortified base of pirates and nowadays one of the top tourist draws
Vitré – Designated a ville d'art et d'histoire, a town of artistic and historic significance
Nantes – It's not part of any of the regions departments, but is often considered a part of Brittany, with Breton influences, and is just at its southeastern side
Towards the end of the 4th century, some of the Celtic Britons from what is now Wales and southern England began to emigrate to the Armorican Peninsula. Indeed the "Great" in Britain was added to differentiate it from the "Little" Britain on the mainland. The region received its modern name - Brittany (Breizh in Breton, Bretagne in French) from these settlers. With them they brought their own customs, tradition, and language that were completely different from that of their neighbors.
As a result of their unique cultural identity, Breton history became a long struggle for independence, at first from the Franks (5th to 9th centuries), that led to a Breton kingdom. After Viking invasions the kingdom became a duchy. The influence of the Counts of Anjou and the Dukes of Normandy was important from the 10th to 12th centuries, and finally the duchy was under the influence of England and France. Brittany was united with the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province governed as if it were a separate nation under the crown.
Jacques Cartier was a Breton sea captain who explored parts of what is now Canada in the 1530s and 40s.
The Breton people maintain a fierce sense of independence to this day, as displayed by their local customs and traditions. In 1914, over 1 million people spoke Breton which equates to 90% of the population of the western half of Brittany. In 1945, it was about 75%, and today, in all of Brittany, at most 20% of Bretons can speak Breton.
Since the 1970s, a resurgence of regional identity has happened in Brittany. Breton art, music and culture are recognized across France. It is quite common to see the Breton flag at all events, but also abroad.
Being a part of France, French is universally spoken and understood by almost all locals in Brittany.
In Lower Brittany, many people also speak the Breton language, a Celtic language closely related to Cornish and Welsh, more distantly to Irish, and very different from French. On the road you may notice signs in both French and Breton.
While France tried to discourage the use of regional languages, their use is rebounding, bringing a stronger understanding of culture, contributions, and history. Through the local efforts of the Bretons and their Breton language schools (Diwan, Div Yezh, Dihun), children are being taught in the native language while they learn standard curriculum. The schools are supported by worldwide efforts through various groups, including the International Committee for the Defense of the Breton Language.
In Upper Brittany, the Gallo language is sometimes spoken, which is a langue d'oïl language (like French) and influenced by Breton.
Due to its proximity to the British Isles, many people working in the tourism industry can also speak English. Some British and Irish people also live in Brittany, especially in the countryside.
From various destinations:
One of the main services is Brittany Ferries, which operates the following regular services:
There are airports in Brittany:
Bretagne Airport (IATA: BES) in Brest, served by Ryanair and Hop! - Air France
Côte de Granit Airport (IATA: LAI) in Lannion, served by Airlinair
South Brittany Airport (IATA: LRT) near Lorient, with flights from Porto and Paris
Cornouaille Airport (IATA: UIP) in Quimper
Saint-Jacques Airport (IATA: RNS) in Rennes, a minor international airport with direct flights from numerous French cities, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Spain
Armor Airport (IATA: SBK) in Saint-Brieuc, with Channel island flights
Atlantique Airport (IATA: NTE) in Nantes, is not in the region but it's close enough to be a convenient hub
The TGV train runs almost hourly from Paris Montparnasse to Rennes, and then Brest, Quimper, Lannion and Saint-Malo—see the SNCF website. Some TGVs run from Lille (Eurostar connexion to London), Strasbourg, Lyon and Marseille to Rennes. There are a few TGVs that connect Rennes to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport every day.
Regional trains also link Rennes to Nantes (via Redon or through the Pays de la Loire).
Major road axis exists in the region :
To be noted, the tolled motorway A10 links Paris to Bordeaux via Nantes
Bus companies offer bus services from and to all major rail stations in Brittany.
Throughout Brittany, all roads are free (no tolls).
Trains are an easy way to visit Brittany, except for the center of the peninsula. There is no difference between TGV high-speed train and regional trains (TER) in Brittany—both run at the same speed, and regional trains are usually cheaper and as comfortable as TGVs.
The main regional train lines are from Rennes to Brest, Quimper, Lannion and Saint-Malo. There is also some regional services from Rennes to Nantes, and from Brest to Quimper, Quimper to Nantes, Saint-Brieuc to Dinan, Dinan to Dol-de-Bretagne. Depending on the hour, some trains have few stops, some others stop everywhere.
Regional trains are operated by the local authority. Trains, buses and some boats are operated in conjunction, often with convenient schedules for connections and combined tickets. At some hours during week days and on Saturdays, round-trips are half price (you don't pay for the way back). More information at https://www.breizhgo.bzh/en
Regional buses are operated by the local authority but are under a single BreizhGo brand, so as regional trains and some boats. Buses are the best way to reach the center of Brittany where no train service exists. All these services are operated in conjunction, often with convenient schedules for connections and combined tickets. https://www.breizhgo.bzh/en
Coastal Brittany
Religious buildings - Lot of churches, chapels, calvaries.
Gardens – Brittany has exceptionally beautiful gardens, see Remarkable Gardens of France
The chateau des Rohan in Josselin
Nantes-Brest Canal
Participate in a fest-noz – Breton for "night fest" are dancing sessions open to everyone, where people learn to dance traditional dances from Brittany, usually from 18:00-02:00. It will cost you from nothing to €8 to participate (most of them have a €6 fee). More globally, Breton people tend to dance when they hear traditional music so you may see people dancing in the street.
Hiking – there are many places where to hike
Biking
Music festivals – There are plenty of festivals in Brittany (dead link: January 2023), some of which are huge and have an international audience (Transmusicales, Vieilles Charrues, Festival du Bout du Monde, Festival Interceltique, etc.).
Swim – Brittany is famous for beaches and
By far the foods that Brittany is most known for are Crêpes and galettes among the regional specialities, that you can eat on the numerous crêperies you can find in quite every places.
When swimming in the sea, watch out for rips and undercurrents, like in the Golfe du Morbihan. Be mindful that the tide can come at a very fast pace so watch out or you might be stranded on an outlying island! Check the tides (marées) in your local tourist office. Ask for a table of the tides.