As one of the world's largest countries with a long history stretching back millenia, China is home to a wide variety of performing arts. This article aims to give a sampling of some of them.
China has its own unique tradition of opera (戏曲 xìqǔ), whose style differs between regions. The following styles have a national following, and tend to be regarded as representative styles of Chinese opera internationally:
There are also various regional styles of opera, usually sung in the local dialects, though these tend to be popular only within their respective regions. Some of these have also spread to overseas Chinese communities, particularly in Southeast Asia, and can be seen during traditional Chinese festivals. That said, the top performers of these genres are still largely concentrated in China.
Within China, the state-run free-to-air CCTV-11 is dedicated to broadcasting Chinese opera of various different national and regional styles , though subtitles are only in Chinese. CCTV-11 also has a YouTube channel where some of their broadcasts can be watched internationally. Different regions of China also have their own local television stations that sometimes broadcast Chinese opera performances.
China is also home to a long tradition of puppetry, with Fujian province being best known for it. Various styles of puppetry can be found in China, including shadow puppetry (皮影戏 píyǐngxì), string puppetry (提线木偶戏 tíxiàn mù'ǒu xì) and glove puppetry (布袋戏 bùdàixì).
China also has a long tradition of instrumental music. While musical ensembles have been around in China for millennia, the modern Chinese orchestra (中乐团 zhōngyuètuán) only dates back to the early 20th century, having been inspired by the Western symphony orchestra, albeit using traditional Chinese instruments instead. You can catch a Chinese orchestra performance not only in China, but also in places with large overseas Chinese communities like Singapore and Malaysia.
One instrument that holds a highly revered place in Chinese culture is the guqin (古琴 gǔqín) or just qin (琴 qín), and knowing how to play the guqin was one of the four arts expected of the traditional Chinese scholar-gentleman. Today, there is a large repertoire of pieces for guqin soloists that you can listen to. Another instrument related to the guqin is the guzheng (古箏 gǔzhēng), which is descended from a now-extinct ancient Chinese instrument called the se (瑟 sè), and also has a large repertoire of pieces for soloists. The guzheng would eventually spread to Korea, where it evolved into the gayageum, and to Japan, where it evolved into the koto, which is today regarded as Japan's national instrument. The erhu (二胡 èrhú), a two-stringed bowed instrument, and the pipa (琵琶 pípá), a plucked string instrument that has a much wider dynamic range than the soft guzheng, are other major solo instruments, and professional players are often quite virtuosic. The Chinese bamboo flute is called the dizi (笛子 dízi). Like the erhu and pipa, it is used soloistically and in ensembles. Dizi, like recorders, come in various sizes from little sopranino ones to big bass ones.
China also has a long history of making percussion instruments, including various drums (鼓 gǔ), gongs (锣 luó), bells (钟 zhōng) and cymbals (钹 bó). Many parts of China also have long histories of percussion ensembles incorporating several of these instruments.
You can see beautiful examples of ancient Chinese instruments in museums such as one in the Forbidden City, and modern instruments are for sale in every Chinese city and may be found in some shops in the Chinese diaspora.
Xiangsheng (相声 xiàngshēng) is a uniquely Chinese form of comedy. In its simplest form, it involves two performers having a dialogue in Mandarin with a strong Beijing accent. More elaborate forms can include singing, rapping and even musical accompaniment.
Besides traditional forms of theatre, China is also home to more modern styles of theatre, with Beijing generally being well-regarded among younger Chinese for its drama plays (话剧 huà jù). However, as they are primarily aimed at the domestic market, performances are usually in Mandarin with no English surtitles.
China also has a thriving pop music scene, with musical talent shows bring extremely popular on Chinese television. While Hong Kong and Taiwan were the main centres of Chinese pop culture from the 1950s to the 2000s, this has changed dramatically since the 2010s, with many top Hong Kong and Taiwanese singers now basing themselves in the mainland where they can earn a lot more money than back home. While the vast majority of pop music is in Mandarin, Minnan and Cantonese pop music is also well-established due to the influence of Taiwan and Hong Kong respectively. Chinese pop singers from other regions are now also producing songs in their respective local dialects as homage to their roots. Moreover, ethnic minority singers from China are also increasingly producing songs in their respective ethnic languages.