China's system of political geography differs somewhat from that in other countries. In some ways it is more complex and it has undergone considerable change over the last century or so.
There is some ambiguity when one uses place names in China. For example "Chengdu" can mean either the city itself or the entire prefecture-level city which includes significant amounts of countryside, many villages and some "small" towns with population anywhere up to a few hundred thousand. Moreover, when someone says their hometown is Chengdu, it might mean their family and identity papers are from there even if they actually grew up elsewhere.
For some of the history, see Imperial China.
Most of the country is broken up into provinces (省) which tend to have their own cultural identities, but there are several other geographic units of the same hierarchical rank as provinces:
In total, there are 34 official province-level divisions, including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. The Chinese government officially uses the term mainland China (中国大陆 Zhōngguó Dàlù) to refer to the entire area claimed by the PRC excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.
Each of China's provincial-level sub-divisions has its own single-character abbreviation that is often used as a descriptive marker, and on vehicle license plates. For instance, the single-character abbreviation of Fujian is Mǐn (闽); so Mǐnnán (闽南) refers to South Fujian, and Mǐndōng (闽东) refers to East Fujian. Similarly, the single-character abbreviation for Guangdong is Yuè (粤), so the term Yuècài (粤菜) refers to Cantonese cuisine, and the term Yuèjù (粤剧) refers to Cantonese opera. These are often used in the naming of major roads and railways as well, so as an example, 京 Jīng is the abbreviation for Beijing, 港 Gǎng is the abbreviation for Hong Kong, and 高铁 gāotiě is the Chinese word for high-speed rail, so 京港高铁 refers to the Beijing-Hong Kong High-Speed Railway.
We also include Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan in the table because their abbreviations are often used in railway stations, ferry terminals, airports and the like. This is not an endorsement of any political position regarding these areas.
Provincial-level entity | Chinese name | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
Anhui | 安徽 Ānhuī | 皖 Wǎn |
Beijing | 北京 Běijīng | 京 Jīng |
Chongqing | 重庆 Chóngqìng | 渝 Yú |
Fujian | 福建 Fújiàn | 闽 Mǐn |
Gansu | 甘肃 Gānsù | 甘 Gān |
Guangdong | 广东 Guǎngdōng | 粤 Yuè |
Guangxi | 广西 Guǎngxī | 桂 Guì |
Guizhou | 贵州 Guìzhōu | 贵 Guì |
Hainan | 海南 Hǎinán | 琼 Qióng |
Hebei | 河北 Héběi | 冀 Jì |
Heilongjiang | 黑龙江 Hēilóngjiāng | 黑 Hēi |
Henan | 河南 Hénán | 豫 Yù |
Hubei | 湖北 Húběi | 鄂 È |
Hunan | 湖南 Húnán | 湘 Xiāng |
Jiangsu | 江苏 Jiāngsū | 苏 Sū |
Jiangxi | 江西 Jiāngxī | 赣 Gàn |
Jilin | 吉林 Jílín | 吉 Jí |
Liaoning | 辽宁 Liáoníng | 辽 Liáo |
Inner Mongolia | 内蒙古 Nèi Měnggǔ | 蒙 Měng |
Ningxia | 宁夏 Níngxià | 宁 Níng |
Qinghai | 青海 Qīnghǎi | 青 Qīng |
Shaanxi | 陕西 Shǎnxī | 陕 Shǎn |
Shandong | 山东 Shāndōng | 鲁 Lǔ |
Shanghai | 上海 Shànghǎi | 沪 Hù |
Shanxi | 山西 Shānxī | 晋 Jìn |
Sichuan | 四川 Sìchuān | 川 Chuān |
Tianjin | 天津 Tiānjīn | 津 Jīn |
Tibet | 西藏 Xīzàng | 藏 Zàng |
Xinjiang | 新疆 Xīnjiāng | 新 Xīn |
Yunnan | 云南 Yúnnán | 云 Yún |
Zhejiang | 浙江 Zhèjiāng | 浙 Zhè |
Hong Kong | 香港 Xiānggǎng | 港 Gǎng |
Macau | 澳门 Àomén | 澳 Ào |
Taiwan | 台湾 Táiwān | 台 Tái |
Some of this structure repeats at a lower level. Provinces and regions are generally broken up into prefecture-level cities. Where a given minority or minorities predominate, it may instead be an Autonomous Prefecture (自治州) for the various ethnic groups. Within prefecture-level cities and autonomous prefectures, there are also Autonomous Counties (自治县) depending on their ethnic composition. Like the autonomous regions, the relevant minority language is usually co-official with Mandarin in these areas.
Within a province or autonomous region political geography can be broken down into:
For example, in the largest-to-smallest order generally used in China: Guangdong Province - Shenzhen City - Nanshan District - Nantou Subdistrict - Majialong Community.
There are various complications and exceptions to this hierarchy. Not all levels are always used (for instance, some county-level cities are directly administered by the province and not part of any prefecture-level unit), and there are certain unusual special terms for some administrative units (such as leagues 盟, a prefecture-level division used in Inner Mongolia).
There are also Special Economic Zones (SEZ, 经济特区) set up to encourage development and foreign investment with tax concessions and other government measures. These began in 1980 as a provincial government initiative supported by Deng Xiaoping as part of his national program of "reform and opening up". SEZs tend to be prosperous, have large expatriate communities, and have more Western restaurants and facilities. They are:
Development in these areas has been phenomenal. In 1978, Shenzhen (next to Hong Kong) and Zhuhai (next to Macau) were groups of fishing villages, with a population of a few hundred thousand each; in a few years, both were bustling modern cities. In the 2020 census, Shenzhen population was over 17.5 million and Zhuhai over 1.7 million, and both are still growing. The other SEZs have also undergone enormous changes. Pudong was mostly farmland in 1990, but now has more skyscrapers than New York and is one of China's main centers for finance and other business.
There are also many other areas where investment is encouraged. The national government started a program in 1984 that opened up 14 coastal cities, and all the capitals of inland provinces or autonomous regions, for investment. There are also many provincial, city, county and township-level economic development programs. However, the SEZs remain the most developed areas with the most advanced administrative systems for investment and spurring economic development.
Chinese cities are often classified into different tiers, with Tier 1 being the highest. Though there is no official government-endorsed classification system, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are generally considered to be the only Tier 1 cities. These cities have the highest number of foreign residents, and are hence considered to be the most expatriate friendly, with Western restaurants and supermarkets to cater to that demographic, albeit at grossly inflated prices, as well as a larger number of English speakers than elsewhere in China. They are also the most expensive cities to live in, with real estate prices in particular rivalling those of major Western cities. That said, there are still bargains to be found food-wise, particularly if you head away from the touristy areas to the residential suburbs. As you move lower down the tiers, the cities become less and less expatriate friendly, with English speakers being increasingly few and far between, and Western food becoming increasingly hard to find, though the cost of living becomes significantly cheaper.
When Europeans came to China by sea, from the late 1500s on, the Emperor strictly controlled their trade and movements. For several centuries, the only Western base was the Portuguese colony of Macau, and trade was permitted only at Canton (Guangzhou) under a variety of restrictions.
After the Chinese defeat in the first Opium War, in 1842, much of that changed. Many of the restrictions were removed and five coastal cities were opened to Western trade — Guangzhou (then called Canton) in Guangdong, Xiamen (Amoy) and Fuzhou in Fujian, Ningbo in Zhejiang, and Shanghai. These were known as treaty ports because it was a treaty that opened them up. By the same treaty, Britain acquired a Far Eastern base of its own, Hong Kong. After the Second Opium War, ending in 1860, other cities were opened to trade, including more coastal cities such as Shantou and Tianjin, and inland cities such as Nanjing and Hankou (one of three cities later amalgamated to form modern Wuhan), while the British colony of Hong Kong was expanded to include what is today Kowloon. Eventually, there were over 80 treaty ports; Wikipedia has a full list.
China lost the first Sino-Japanese War in 1895, forcing it to give up its influence over its vassal state Korea, and resulting in Taiwan being ceded to Japan. In 1898, the British colony of Hong Kong was expanded further to its current size, with the addition of the New Territories on a 99-year lease.
Various Western powers and Japan also took pieces of China, called concessions, and administered them. The treaties or leases provided for extraterritoriality; Chinese law did not apply in these areas which were instead administered under the laws set by the controlling power. To Western powers, this was an obvious precaution since they considered the Chinese system horrendously brutal and hopelessly corrupt. To the Chinese government of the day, it was astounding arrogance, but something the "barbarians" had to be allowed to get away with until China was stronger. The period from the First Opium War (1842) to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) is often called the "Century of Humiliation" in official Chinese historical chronicles. Several nations had concessions in Shanghai; today the old French Concession is one of the more elegant tourist attractions, as is The Bund, which was part of the former British and American concessions. Other areas such as Hankou (part of Wuhan), Shamian Dao in Guangzhou and parts of Tianjin also had concessions for several nations. Today, many of these historic areas have been or are being renovated and are popular tourist attractions for both Chinese and foreigners. Gulangyu in Xiamen is now on the UNESCO World Heritage List, while the former Italian and Austro-Hungarian concessions in Tianjin have been preserved as tourist attractions.
Even in the days of the concessions, most of their population was Chinese and many rich or important Chinese lived there. For example, Shanghai has various historical buildings converted to museums and they are all in foreign concession areas; the French Concession has the homes of the Republic's first President, Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan), his wife Soong Qing Ling and Premier Zhou Enlai, and the building where the Chinese Communist Party had its first national meeting while the nearby Jing'an district, which was part of the British Concession, has Chairman Mao's Shanghai house. The Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin has a residence of Yuan Shih-kai, the second president of the Republic of China.
In some areas, only one nation had a concession. These included:
This is not a complete list. All these former colonies and concessions retain numerous historical buildings from the colonial era that tourists can see today, usually in a style typical of that colonial power.