Most of the Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, littered with islands, mostly fragments of the North America, Europe, and Asia continental masses. Some are inhabited; others are completely covered in snow and ice and therefore uninhabitable. Several of the most interesting lie in the border waters between the Arctic and northern Atlantic Oceans, 60Β° and northward toward the Pole.
Northern Canada includes many islands, the biggest of which are more than 1000 km across, as well as much mainland territory. A few islands include:
Russia has an exceedingly long Arctic coast with many islands.
The largest number of Arctic islands are parts of the Nunavut and Northwest Territories of Canada, and several are part of northern Russia; most of these are barren and uninhabited, and are covered (to the extent they are covered) in their respective countries' articles.
Greenland β so large it hardly deserves to be called a mere "island" β lies largely in the Arctic Circle. Although it is arguably part of continental North America, it bears cultural and practical similarities to its smaller neighbors in the Arctic region. Likewise, Iceland barely kisses the Arctic Circle and has a fairly mild climate, but still has a sparsely-vegetated landscape and moderate accessibility issues. Jan Mayen and Svalbard are quintessentially Arctic β remote and harsh β but habitable.
Longyearbyen in Svalbard, is accessible on regularly scheduled SAS flights from TromsΓΈ and Oslo, Norway.
ReykjavΓk, Iceland, is served by several flights a day from other Nordic countries and from the United States.
Greenland is reached primarily by flights from Denmark and Iceland.
Nunavut, Canada is reached primarily by flights from Ottawa and Yellowknife.
Although they lie on or near the "great circle" routes taken by airliners between Europe and North America, the Arctic islands are generally treated as "fly-over" territories, with fewer stops since passenger planes gained the ability to cover the distance without refueling. Because of their historical ties to Europe, they are easier to get to from there than from Canada or the U.S.
Arctic scenery varies throughout the seasons and depending on area. Travelers have opportunity to see an abundance of wildlife throughout the course of a cruise or land trip. Best times to go vary based on what wildlife viewing is preferred. From late May through early September one can see caribou, moose, humpback whale, beluga whales, seals, grizzlies, polar bears, Arctic foxes, muskoxen, and up to 200 species of birds. In the ice covered regions (such as at the North Pole) there is little wildlife.
The Northern Lights may be visible at the highlight of the dusk and nighttime hours on a cruise.
This is polar land and you need many layers of clothes to survive; see cold weather. Also beware of polar bears.