Stonehenge - Neolithic henge monument in England

Stonehenge is a Neolithic and Bronze Age stone monument located in a on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. The WHS is quite large and contains many other structures from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.

Understand

Stonehenge is in a World Heritage Site of over 2000 hectares that is considered one of the most archaeologically rich in Europe. It is home to some of the most important Neolithic and Bronze Age finds and structures in the UK, and contains some 200 scheduled monuments. It is also the site of one of the biggest Chalk grassland reversion projects in the world.

Stonehenge is owned by the nation and is administered by English Heritage. Much of the World Heritage Site land is owned by local farms, but a third is owned and managed by the National Trust who are spearheading the grass regeneration scheme.

A new visitor facilities is now open, part of a new joint approach by English Heritage with the Salisbury Museum and the Wiltshire Heritage Museum in Devizes.

History

Evidence indicates that the area around Stonehenge has been occupied since around 8000 BC, but it was during the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods that the vast majority of the monuments around it came to be built. Early work at Stonehenge itself began in 3000 BC when an outer ditch and embankment was constructed, and standing timbers erected. From about 2500 BC, Neolithic and Bronze Age man started to bring bluestones and Sarsen stones from Wales and the Marlborough Downs. It was not until 1600 BC that Stonehenge was completed. Most of the other monuments in the area such as Durrington Walls and Woodhenge date from the same period. A nearby hill fort was built during the Iron Age, and there is evidence to suggest that the area was extensively settled by the Romans. The nearby town of Amesbury was later settled during the Saxon reign in 979 AD.

Stonehenge and the land immediately around it was bought for the nation in 1918. Being on the edge of the military training area Salisbury Plain, a large number of military facilities have also been constructed in the area, including military barracks, a light railway and an aerodrome built within a stone's throw of Stonehenge (most of which has now been removed). Since then the National Trust has acquired some 850 hectares around Stonehenge, and the area was given UNESCO World Heritage status in 1986.

Landscape

The Stonehenge landscape is one of the best preserved areas of readily accessible chalk downland in the UK. On the edge of Salisbury plain it features several rolling hills and dry river valleys that allow for pleasant walks without too much trouble. Surrounding farmland is ideal for crops and animal grazing.

Flora and fauna

Chalk grassland is a very rich environment allowing for a diverse range of animals and plants. Thin free draining soil restricts competitive species, but allows lime loving plants and trees to flourish. Knapweeds, Birdsfoot Trefoil and Yellow rattle are among several downland floral plants well established in the area. The thin soil also traps heat quickly and is ideal for a wide range of insects, such as the rare Chalkhill and Adonis Blue butterflies. The skylark (a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) red list species) is also common in the area, and lent its name to the nearby military garrison Larkhill. The RSPB own a reserve on Normanton Down, just south of the stones, that has provided an ideal habitat for the Stone Curlew.

Get in

Visitors should first go to the visitors' centre then take the bus or walk from there to Stonehenge.

If you are carrying heavy luggage, you may have to carry it around the entire landscape. So plan wisely.

By car

From London take the M3 and A303 to Amesbury. At the A303 Countess roundabout go south to visit Amesbury for food and accommodation, north to visit Woodhenge and Durrington Walls, or continue west to reach Stonehenge at the centre of the UNESCO site. A mile past the roundabout you can see Stonehenge from Kings Barrow Ridge, at the A360 roundabout go north to the visitor centre car park. From Salisbury and the South, take the A360, and from the north just follow the A360 south from Devizes. Stonehenge and Woodhenge are well signposted from Amesbury on the A345.

By train

The nearest practical stations are Andover and Salisbury which can be reached from London Waterloo on a direct service. From here you can catch a bus (below), or if there are several in a group (or you are travelling with luggage), the easiest thing to do is hire a taxi at the train station. The going rate for a round-trip with an hour stop at Stonehenge is £35. An hour is enough time to see the main Stonehenge circle (but not the other nearby sites).

There are no luggage drop facilities at the Salisbury station. It may be a good idea to talk to a hotel beforehand to help you drop off heavy luggage, if you are carrying any.

By bus

Local bus service is provided by Salisbury Reds. Routes begin or end in Salisbury. However, no "regular" bus routes serve the main entrance to Stonehenge.

• The main "bus" option is "The Stonehenge Tour" (see next section). It's essentially an expensive bus that only serves Stonehenge.
• The town of Amesbury is served by three routes - "x5" from Swindon, "activ8" from Andover, and "x4". From Amesbury, it's a walk across the countryside to Stonehenge. Along the route are some other prehistoric structures.
• Route 2 stops at Shrewton, from which Stonehenge is a 2-mile walk along a road (A360) without a pedestrian pavement. The 2 bus ends in Devizes.

Also check the Wiltshire bus information (dead link: January 2023).

By tour

From London

Several tours take in Stonehenge when travelling from one destination to the other. Most start from London and visit Stonehenge on their way to Salisbury or Bath. These tours usually allow 30 minutes only at Stonehenge, which gives you time to see only the Stones and not time to appreciate the surrounding area. For tours starting from London, the price starts from around £65 for adult, including entry fee and pick-up service in your London hotel.

From Salisbury

The Stonehenge Tour is a tourist-oriented bus service from Salisbury to Stonehenge (on the return trip, it stops at Old Sarum near Salisbury). Tickets cost £16 (adults)/£11 (children) for tour only, or £33 (adults)/£22 (children) for the tour and entry to Stonehenge, Old Sarum and Salisbury Cathedral. The double-decker tour bus picks up at Salisbury train station (outside the station and to the left) and Salisbury centre. The ticket is valid all day long. It runs between every 30 minutes and every hour, depending on time of day and year. Tickets can be purchased online, or from the driver. While you ride, a high-quality audio commentary about your surroundings is played (available in ten languages, headphones are provided).

If there are three of you, negotiate a trip with a taxi driver, and you will pay only marginally more and they will store your luggage while at Stonehenge. If there are 4 or 5 of you, a taxi is much cheaper. However, you won't get the audio commentary.

By foot

If on a budget, you can view the stones for free from the access land a short distance away on the north side. The access land also contains various tumuli (burial mounds) nearby. Doing this will inevitably involve a bit of a walk; it is just over 2 miles from either the car park at Woodhenge or the bus station at Amesbury.

If you want to walk from Amesbury, make your way to Countess Roundabout (served by the Salisbury Reds X5 route, just north of the High Street area), then walk north until you see a wooden sign for Stonehenge on your left. The sign points you to a network of country trails that will take you through old burial mounds, the Stonehenge Cursus, the Avenue, and (with a bit of a detour) Woodhenge on your way to the stones. This isn't the most direct route to the stones – about 3.5 miles/6 km, or more if you take the detour to Woodhenge – but it's worth it if you're interested in seeing the other earthworks amid the quiet green and yellow fields. Bring a map, or an app with good walking coverage like OsmAnd or Mapy.cz.

Get around

The stones themselves can be reached by bus (cost covered by entrance fee) from the visitors centre along the old course of the A344, but for those wishing to explore, the local landscape is best enjoyed on foot or by bicycle. Several bridleways and footpaths criss-cross the area, and the National Trust allows access to a large amount of its land that is being reverted to chalk grassland.

The path around the stones is wheelchair-accessible.

Walking

The National Trust has opened some 260 hectares of its land to walkers so that they can access some of the monuments around the area. Several recommended walking tours are available on their website, and dogs are welcome on some of the paths as long as they are kept under control. Visitors have the option of parking at Stonehenge, Woodhenge, or Amesbury, and touring some of the ancient monuments from there. Care should be taken around the A303.

OpenStreetMap, and apps that use it such as OsmAnd or Mapy.cz, have reasonably good coverage of the walking paths in the Stonehenge Landscape. Google Maps does not.

Bicycle

Several quiet back roads and bridleways make access to the monuments quite easy, and for the hardy cyclist, Stonehenge can be combined with a larger tour around Amesbury and the Woodford Valley on the way to Salisbury. It is not advisable to cycle on the A303, but it can be avoided for most of its route anyway.

See

Aside from the plentiful wildlife and nature available, the UNESCO site is considered one of the most impressive archaeological sites in Britain. The landscape boasts several outstanding Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments that can be reached on foot a short distance from the famous Stonehenge. See interactive map.

Stonehenge

Unlike the other monuments in the area, there is an entrance charge (when entering from the main entrance 📍). An entry fee of £15.50 for adults and £9.30 for children (Apr 2016) includes an audio guide. Tickets are best purchased on-line before visiting. You need to specify a time for your visit, but except peak time there is some flexibility once you arrive. There is no access to the stone circle itself - visitors are guided around the monument by roped pathways and on-site attendants. The audio guide is available in several languages, and if you listened to all available material it would take an estimated 30–60 minutes.

It is not usually possible to walk among the stones 📍 themselves, but English Heritage and some tour operators from Salisbury can arrange early morning or evening visits allowing you to do this.

If you'd rather avoid the entry fee, the stones can be seen from public access land very close by – you won't get quite as close as the paying visitors, but you can still see the stone circle clearly.

Other sites

The Stonehenge Landscape is dotted with other ancient monuments, which are almost deserted with very few visitors compared to Stonehenge itself. Some are from hundreds of years before or after the time Stonehenge was built; evidently this area was important to ancient Britons for many generations.

• Stonehenge Cursus, 51.18657°, -1.82441°. A huge and mysterious monument, the cursus is a 3 km long earthwork just north of Stonehenge. Consisting of a ditch and bank running east-west, it is still visible on the landscape, although its purpose remains unknown. 2017-05-19

• The Avenue, 51.18219°, -1.82021°. A ceremonial approach way to Stonehenge, the Avenue links the monument to the river Avon. Its ditch and embankment can still be seen from the stones, and its path can be followed up to King Barrows Ridge. 2017-05-19

• Winterbourne Stoke Barrows, 51.17521°, -1.85611°. A mile west of Stonehenge is a collection of every type of burial mound found in the UK. A neolithic long barrow creates an alignment that later Bronze Age barrows have been built on, including distinct bowl, bell, pond, saucer and disc barrows. 2017-05-19

• Normanton Down, 51.17013°, -1.82798°. Less than half a mile south of Stonehenge, this is a cemetery of over 50 barrows, including the famous :w:Bush Barrow with finds in the :w:Wiltshire Museum in Devizes. The area around the barrows is now an RSPB reserve for stone curlews. 2017-05-19

• King Barrows Ridge, 51.18159°, -1.80854°. So called because of its commanding views of Stonehenge, King Barrows Ridge is on the course of the Avenue, and delivers one of the most breathtaking views over Stonehenge bowl. It also has a number of impressive burial mounds known as barrows. 2017-05-19

• Woodhenge. A contemporary monument to Stonehenge, Woodhenge was a series of timbers erected in oval rings, and like Stonehenge is aligned to the rising sun on the summer solstice. The old timber postholes are now marked with small concrete plinths (although there are plans to reconstruct the timbers as they may have looked), and although short on information the site offers a peaceful location away from the crowds at Stonehenge. 2017-05-19

• Durrington Walls, 51.19251°, -1.78596°. Just north of Woodhenge, Durrington Walls has been revealed as the site of a great Neolithic village, and likely home of several religious activities. The walls are the remains of the largest henge (earthworks) monument in the UK - some 500 m in diameter. 2017-05-19

Do

• Take the opportunity to explore the countryside and monuments surrounding Stonehenge instead of just viewing the stones and leaving. The National Trust offer excellent guided tours of the landscape (see site). Additionally, a great deal of information can be gained from the information boards around the area that isn't available from the Stonehenge centre.
• Visit Stonehenge on the Summer Solstice (21 June), Winter Solstice (21, 22 or 23 December), or the Spring and Autumnal Equinox, in order to gain free entry to the stones (and sometimes walk among them), and to venerate nature with the neo-pagans and druids who gather here at these dates.
• Take the opportunity to find out more about Stonehenge at the two nearby museums that have nationally important collections - Wiltshire Museum and Salisbury Museum. See finds from Stonehenge, Woodhenge and Durrington Walls, as well as gold from the time of Stonehenge.

Buy

Souvenirs are available to paying visitors at the English Heritage shop at Stonehenge, although a wider range of merchandise can be obtained from Salisbury. For those wanting something a little different, Stonehenge Lamb is available to buy from local farmers.

Eat

There is a well stocked cafeteria at the English Heritage centre, but those wishing for a more satisfying meal would be best advised to visit the nearby towns of Amesbury or Durrington which have several pubs, cafes and restaurants.

A good bet is Kingfish Fish & Chips Restaurant & Takeaway located on Bulford Road, Durrington (Adjacent to Tesco express, enter via the Tesco car park) where you can eat in or grab a portion of your favourite traditional fish & chips to take out.

Also in Amesbury is Amesbury Chippy, Flower Lane, in the centre of town near to Bath Travel, who provide traditional fish and chips freshly served.

Drink

Hop Back Brewery (dead link: January 2023) based in Salisbury and Stonehenge Ales produce several fine ales that are served in most of the local pubs.

Sleep

Visits to Stonehenge can easily be combined with a visit to Salisbury where many hotels, bed and breakfasts, and hostels are available. There are several options locally however:

Lodging

There is a Holiday Inn business hotel next to the A303 in Solstice Park, but be warned that rooms start at around £150. For rooms under £50/night, consider the George Hotel, Antrobus Arms or Fairlawn Hotel in Amesbury, or one of the many charming B&Bs in the area.

There is also a rather drab Travelodge on the A303 roundabout outside Amesbury.

• Stonehenge Inn, 2 Stonehenge Road, Amesbury, SP4 8BN, 51.19558°, -1.78264°, +447399594905, admin@mini-rocks.co.uk. Check-in: 15:00-23:00, check-out: 10:00. A small inn with 9 rooms. Basic rooms and breakfast, free parking. £67.50 2020-07-11

Camping

Camping is prohibited on the open land around Stonehenge, but campsites are available outside Old Sarum in Salisbury (8 miles), Upavon to the north (10 miles), or Stonehenge Touring Park near Shrewton (4 miles).

Stay safe

Although the Stonehenge landscape is relatively small and civilisation is never too far away, care should still be taken when out touring the area. Sensible shoes are recommended as some of the ground is uneven. Mobile phone reception is usually good, and generally the area is easily accessible by emergency services. Animals often graze on the National Trust open grassland, including cattle. There are some busy roads between the monuments, and care should especially be taken if crossing the A303.

Go next

A trip around the Stonehenge landscape and Stonehenge itself is best combined with a trip to Avebury to the north (which has an even bigger stone circle, with fewer restrictions, and far fewer tourists), or Salisbury to the south. It would be a push to visit all three and be able to fully appreciate them all in one day. Two days would be a better time-frame to consider.

Related: UNESCO World Heritage List