Israel is a very convenient country for hiking in the wild, thanks to its mild weather, relatively unthreatening wilderness, the proximity of natural sites to cities, and not least – its extensive marked-trails system. However, many complications could occur – both natural and legal ones – that people travelling from abroad should familiarize themselves with, before hitting the trails.
The main considerations for planning your trip are summarized in the following checklist. Consult the list of destinations to choose where you want to go and understand how you should prepare yourself. Read also the safety issues below.
Note, backpacking in this article refers to wilderness backpacking and does not cover backpacking in the sense of inexpensive travel on a shoestring.
If you're inexperienced in wilderness hiking in Israel, it's very advisable to consult local guides. See the section about travel consulting and information, below. In any case, the most important points to check out while you plan your trip are:
All hikers in Israel should carry a hiking map issued by the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. They are topographic maps on a 1:50,000 scale and contain marked trails and road information. They are available only in Hebrew; however, most information is presented visually, so they're still very useful even for non-Hebrew speakers and can be bought in bookstores and outdoors stores in Israel.
On the back of these maps are all sorts of useful diagrams, explanations and suggested itineraries, though most of these would only be relevant for Hebrew readers.
A similar map, with higher resolution but less comprehensive data, is available online at Israel Hiking Map. Do not count on having cellular access in remote areas (particularly valleys), so you might want to download the map ahead of time for offline use (instructions). In any case, your phone battery might run out, so do not rely on this to the exclusion of paper maps.
In all areas of Israel, trails were marked to indicate interesting and fun trails and routes for travelling by foot or by car (usually requiring 4-wheel drive). The first image on the right is an example of a trail-marking in Israel: it has three parallel lines, about 20 cm in length – one colored line in the middle surrounded by two white lines. Each trail has a color, which can be green, red, blue or black. The trails are marked in these color in Israeli hiking maps, so it's easy for travelers in the field to follow the trail marked in their map.
Wherever a marked-trail starts-off from a road, a roadsign is placed indicating the name of the trail or its destination, along with the trail color. Also, when several trails intersect there would sometimes be signs indicating which trail goes where. However, this isn't always the case so travellers are advised to carry maps with them. Many nature reserves have brochures that contain a schematic trail map of the area and also of the main attractions. Also, try to find the Wikivoyage page for your trail as it might also contain a trail map.
As mentioned above, in Israeli nature reserves hiking is allowed only on marked trails, and leaving these could incur a fine. Marked trails can also be found outside reserves, where they are not obligatory but they usually mark the most convenient, fun and/or interesting path. A Hebrew proverb says that "the trail is wiser than the one who walks it" (חכם השביל מן ההולך בו): the trail has been made by many people who walked it in the past, meaning that it is the best way across the area.
In addition to the standard trails, several long trails exist that cross a large area and usually connect between several "regular" trails:
Israel is hot in summer and cold in winter, though not extremely so in either. It's strongly advised to check the forecast at the Israeli Meteorological Service (IMS), +972 3 5600600. (or any other reliable source) before heading out anywhere in the wild, and gear up accordingly.
During winter, as well as spring and fall, there are rains every now and then. During September there are usually only some dribbles, November to February could have a few storms, and rains still occasionally fall through April or May. Even in mid-season, rains are mostly very bearable and no storm-suits are required, but the occasional storm could take place and soak you to the bone. Rains mostly come in a streak of 2-4 days, then to die out and be followed by a few dry – sometimes warm – days; longer-lasting storms are pretty rare. When it's not raining, temperatures could be cold enough to warrant a coat or jacket, but if you walk intensively there's a good chance you'll find these overheating. In that case, it's advisable to dress in layers, so you can put on your coat while resting and strip down to short clothes during the walk. When it does rain (or when hiking just after rain), it's best to either use waterproof clothing and shoes, or to wear pants that aren't very long, as these are likely to drag in the mud and water. Hail in Israel is rare and would only fall during storms. Snow rarely falls in most of Israel, but it does fall on Mount Hermon a few times each year, and sometimes also in Jerusalem, Mitzpe Ramon and the high peaks of the Golan Heights and Upper Galilee. The forecast will always be able to provide prior warning for these occurrences, and even then it's not unlikely to be a false alarm.
Flash floods are probably the greatest wilderness danger in Israel and should never be underestimated. Carefully read the safety instructions regarding those.
During summer, days are hot and dry. Rains almost never fall between June and August. Humidity is usually still very high except in the Negev, making the heat really unbearable. When hiking in the Israeli summer, it's very advisable to plan your trip to include siestas during the peak heat hours. These are usually 13:00-16:00, but could vary in different regions as cool winds are common in different times of day. Small bodies of water such as springs and reservoirs (for bathing, not drinking) are common in Israel and should be included in your plan. However, they're also not common enough to simply stumble upon them (in most areas), so you'll have to find out about these locations in advance. They are typically marked on hiking maps, and there are lists and books describing the more picturesque ones in detail.
The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel operates "Field Schools" in many popular hiking regions in Israel. These establishments function as information centres for travellers, and also provide services such as inn rooms, guided trips (which must be booked in advance) and the like. Consult these about hiking trails as well as hazards and safety instructions.
Below is a list of those Field Schools, each specializing in a different area of Israel, ordered north to south:
Reserves and parks are managed by the Israeli Authority for Nature Reserves and National Parks. Some have an entrance fee (usually around ₪30 per person), though most are simply free wilderness areas. The most important regulations to note about these reserves, both the paid and the free of charge, are:
Camping is allowed everywhere in Israel, except in nature reserves. The catch is, of course, that most interesting places for hiking are inside reserves, even if you didn't pass through any gate and didn't have to pay anything at the entrance. Consult a travel map to find out whether your journey goes through a reserve, and if it does – find the permitted camp sites. Unless noted otherwise on the map, these campsites are just plain areas in which camping is allowed, and they don't have running water or any facilities at all. Review the equipment list for everything you're likely to need there.
Note, if you camp outside of the official camp sites inside a nature reserve, you can be fined a heavy 700 shekels. And be assured the park ranger do often go through to check to usual suspected sites. However, they might just bring you to the next official camp site if it is not dark yet.
When planning a trip of several days, make sure to plan for resupply stations. Carry enough water in between, as well as cash for food purchases.
Animals can be attracted to food, both fresh and leftovers. While these won't be bears like you get in Yellowstone, these could be wolves or jackals that can steal your food, or can even (rarely) be rabid. Clean all your pots and other items before you go to sleep, and leave them to dry away from where you lay. Put any food inside your backpack, and place the bag very close to you. When hiking in a group, best to have everybody sleep around the backpacks. Garbage and leftovers should also be placed inside the backpacks. If that is not possible, better put everything in a bag and hang it on a tree, away from your sleeping bags. If you have some warm food left in a pot which you want to save for tomorrow, cover the pot and place some heavy rocks on it, and again – place it at a safe distance.
This section details safety considerations that need to be made while planning the trip. For safety issues that may arise during the hike, see Stay safe, below.
Flash floods can occur in some streams and creeks, mostly in the Judaean Desert, Jordan Valley (essentially a part of the West Bank) and some places in the Negev. The catch is, even a light rain in the right place could cause a flash-flood to build up many kilometers down the stream where no clouds may be visible. Don't assume that a seemingly cloudless sky means that all's well – always check the weather forecast in advance, in any trip, any time. The aforementioned IMS provides special warnings for those events, stating the specific problematic locations.
If you do encounter a flooded stream, don't ever try to cross it, even if it doesn't look too intimidating. There are two reasons for that: first, rocks and debris carried hidden in the water could hit you without warning and bring you down; and second, a weak flow of water could change in a second to the strong wave of a flash flood.
If a dry stream you're walking in suddenly starts flowing, you must immediately find a way to climb up and out of the path of the water. Be quick about it. Floods may seem slow at start and very quickly and suddenly become overwhelming. Each year in Israel, some lives are lost because of these floods.
Never sleep in areas that can be flooded.
Many areas of Israel, especially in the Negev, are used by Israel Defense Force (IDF) units for training, sometimes using live fire. Most of these areas are not fenced or marked in the field, therefore it's a critical point to check out before going on a trip. Entrance to these firing zones is allowed only on Saturdays, as well as on certain Jewish holidays − but not all of them! On all other days, prior coordination with the IDF is required. Unless you're a Hebrew speaker and very familiar with Israel and with the specific area in which you intend to hike, it's recommended to simply contact one of the Field Schools mentioned above and ask for their assistance in the matter, or simply to go on some organized trip (ones are occasionally lead by said Field Schools).
Note also that in certain areas of the southern Negev, south of Makhtesh Ramon, hiking is prohibited even on Saturdays, and allowed only for a few days a year, in specific holidays.
If you do wish to make all arrangements on your own, you can try and coordinate with the IDF using one of the following numbers, depending on where in Israel you intend to hike:
Keep in mind several things:
Minefields can be found in some parts of Israel - either planted by Israel, or by Israel's enemies before 1967 in areas captured in the 1967 war. Minefields are well fenced and signed, and their boundaries are marked on travel maps. However, mines can and do wander away because of earth shifts, water streaming and even by getting dragged by unwitting animals. When hiking in the Negev (especially near the Egypt and Jordan borders), Judaean Desert and the Golan Heights, consult a map to make sure you don't get anywhere near a minefield. Especially in the Golan Heights, which is riddled with minefields, hike only on roads and marked trails. Don't underestimate the risk - once every few years an Israeli hiker gets killed or loses a limb because of that.
If the trails do lead you to the vicinity of a minefield, just watch your step and make sure not to deviate from the path. In all areas, if you see an unidentified metal or plastic object, don't touch it and inform the police as soon as possible. The most common mines are fist-sized and cylindrical with some protruding features, but there are other varieties, and besides – mines aren't the only danger: duds can be found near military training areas.
The Arab-Israeli conflict is a constant issue. For hikers, these are the most dangerous areas:
Offering terrific viewpoints and many running streams and springs. You'll also find a lot of abandoned bunkers which can be fun to explore. Trails are mostly easy to moderate.
Primary considerations:
A mountainous landscape with tall peaks, offering great views and many streams. The Sea of Galilee is also nearby. Many heritage sites also dot the region, including ruins from the Crusades and the Roman period as well as tombs of Sheikhs and Rabbis. Trails are mostly of moderate difficulty, and can be hard when containing long or steep ascents.
Primary considerations:
While climbing the carmel is a pretty rough ascent, once you reach the top the trails aren't too steep. Walk through authentic Mediterranean forest and get a great view of the surrounding country. At the western slopes there are many caves, including sites where prehistoric remains where found. Ascents to the Carmel are moderate to difficult, but trails on top are fairly easy.
Primary considerations:
The hill-country found south of the Carmel is a green, flowery region with some running streams and a lot of forests. Trails are mostly easy.
Generally not considered a hot spot for hiking, this area mainly offers walks along the beach. However, several large streams – mainly the Alexander and the Yarkon – make for nice one-day hikes or picnic excursions. Ancient ruins also make for beautiful stops along the way, found mainly east or south of Tel Aviv.
The hill-country stretching west of Jerusalem is full to the brim with ancient ruins of settlements, water holes, hideout caverns, wine- and oil-presses, agriculture terraces and virtually any building required by human civilization. The vast forests make for pleasant, richly green scenery. Trails are mostly easy to moderate.
Also see Hiking in the Judaean Desert Tall ridges and deep canyons are the characteristics of this region, as well as searing heat but also beautiful oases. Here you'll find steep climbs and dramatic cliffs, but make sure your trip also goes through some of the fantastic water basins that can be found in some of the streams. Trails are mostly difficult, but there can be found many spots that are also fit for family trips.
Primary considerations:
Mostly a barren wasteland, the Negev – unlike the Judaean Desert – consists mainly of vast plains and massive mountains, though it also has its share of canyons and ridges. This is where you go to truly challenge yourself, to feel the desert, or to be alone and watch the stars. Trails are mainly difficult, sometimes extremely so (mainly in the Eilat mountains at the south).
Primary considerations:
Though it does not offer many trails, the Arava (the plain stretching along the east side of the Negev) does offer some beautiful desert scenery. Many trails to or from the Negev end here, and since this region is a little more accessible to buses, you might want to start or end your hikes here.
Considerations are mostly the same as in the Negev.
This section only deals with emergencies that may arise during the hike. For general safety considerations, consult the Avoid section, above.
The two phone numbers which it's absolutely vital to remember are:
Israel doesn't have any bears, lions or other large animals. The dangerous animals are less obvious but, in some cases, no less deadly.
;Scorpions: The primary venomous animals of Israel, along with snakes, they can be found in all regions of the country. You are most likely to get stung by these if you shove your hand under rocks, so if you have to move one, first push it with you foot. As a general rule of thumb in Israel, the scorpions that have a thin build are the deadly ones. However, in case of a stinging, don't take any chances – evacuate the victim as quickly as possible and get professional medical aid. The Israeli health services are well equipped to deal with all scorpions. Until help arrives, the first aid is pretty much the same as with snake bites – see below.
;Spiders: Though they are very common in Israel, cases of attacks by them are rare. Deadly spiders are very rare in Israel (though they do exist), but even the other species can cause great inconvenience, such as local paralysis that could last several days, accompanied by excruciating pain. If getting stung, it's very advisable to go to the hospital as quickly as possible, and it's best to try to take a photo of the spider.
;Snakes: Israel boasts a great variety of snakes, and the venomous species are very deadly. The most common Israeli viper, called in Hebrew Tzefa (pictured to the right), can be found in all regions of the country. Snakes hibernate in winter, meaning you may only encounter them if you actually push your hands into their caves. They are most deadly in late spring, when they just wake up with a fresh load of venom. Walking in high undergrowth during summer can be very dangerous, and you should always watch your step. Probing with a stick before every move could be helpful. It's vital to remember that most of the field-treatments you were told of as a child are lies: you can't actually tell whether a snakebite is venomous just by the shape; sucking the venom is in fact useless; using a tourniquet will in most cases do more harm than good. There's still amputation, but you don't want that, and are unlikely to get it right anyway. What you should do is get the victim to rest completely and immediately, preferably with the bitten limb laid lower than the rest of the body, and if possible, set it using planks or something like that; and most importantly, get professional help ASAP. If possible, take a photo of the snake (no need to catch it). Hospitals in Israel keep a supply of antidote for almost all species of vipers found in Israel. That's right, almost all. As always, prevention is the best cure.
;Rabies and various infections: Though not actually "venomous", bites by any other animal can prove dangerous. If bitten, you should definitely consult a doctor about treatment. It's usually not extremely urgent, but use discretion. To avoid attracting animals, review the Camp section for the recommended handling of food while camping.
;Ticks: Most common in the deserts of Israel. Ticks lay in a hibernated state in areas where animals are likely to rest; caves are very common, as are trees and bushes large enough to provide shade. When they sense an animal (or human) nearby, they wake up and race towards it, then bite. It's hardly felt, and the mark left is pretty small, but it can infect the victim with various fevers, mainly the Relapsing Fever. If, 1-3 weeks after a hike, you start feeling unwell – mainly high body temperature and headaches – immediately consult a doctor and inform him of your situation. The Relapsing Fever is called in Hebrew Kadakhat HaMe'arot (literally "Cave Fever"). It can be deadly in some cases, so do not delay after the symptoms appear.
;Sandflies carrying leishmania: The sandfly, pretty much indistinguishable from any normal housefly, is sometimes a carrier for the leishmania parasites which nest under your skin and cause leishmaniasis, nicknamed in Hebrew Shoshanat Yericho – literally "Jericho Rose". It's so called because it was common mainly in the Jordan Valley and the Jericho region, though nowadays it can (uncommonly) be found in most regions of Israel. The "Rose" part derives from the appearance of the fly bite; it looks like a mosquito bite, only it stays there for months, and every once in a while bursts out with blood. In Israel it usually results in nothing more than a really ugly scar, but in very rare cases – primarily in people with previous health conditions – it can cause permanent damage and even death, if the parasites nest internally. Treatment is very advisable, both for a faster healing of the blistering wound and to minimize the remaining scar. Consult a doctor, who would probably advise the use of some ointment.
A variety of poisonous plants exist in Israel. Luckily, they're all only dangerous upon consumption and not just by touch or when stung by their barbs. There's no general rule for telling whether a plant is poisonous; if you don't know it, don't eat it (or cook it, or make tea out of it). Below are some of the most common poisonous plants of Israel. Notice how some of them are actually very beautiful, such as the oleander, or the tree tobacco that looks bright and shiny compared to any other plant you'd encounter in the deserts where it sometimes grows.
<gallery widths=180px> File:Duda.JPG|Mandrake (_Duda_ in Hebrew) File:Nerium oleander flowers leaves.jpg|Oleander or Nerium (_Harduf_) File:Henbane1.JPG|Henbane, of the Nightshade family (_Shikaron_) File:Nicotiana glauca flowers.jpg|Tree Tobacco (_Tabac HaSiakh_) File:Retama raetam 1.JPG|The Retama bush (_Rotem_) File:Ricinus March 2010-1.jpg|Castor (_Kikayon_) </gallery>When the Israelis talk of a stream or river (Nahal in Hebrew or Wadi in Arabic), they're usually talking about dry canyons with perhaps a few short stretches of water that's actually flowing. For this reason, the relatively few ponds and running streams that can be found make for popular attractions and fantastic destinations. It's very common in Israel, when planning a trip, to make such water sources the actual pivot of a hike - all the rest of the plan made just to include it. Travellers from cooler and more lushly watered countries will probably quickly understand the Israelis' enthusiasm for such spots in this relatively warm country, especially if travelling in summer.
A few points you should consider about that subject:
Some regions of Israel are rich with the remains of ancient cultures, which make for interesting and impressive stops along the way. Additional "wayside attractions" may include various paid nature reserves that offer short trails.
In some nature reserves in Israel you'd be required to pay for the entrance, a sum in the range of ₪15-50. In national parks the payment is about the same. If you intend to visit a lot of either, you should probably buy the Nature & Parks Authority's "Green Card (dead link: December 2020)", sold only to tourists (valid only with a foreign passport) which would allow you a one-time access to all reserves and national parks over a duration of two weeks.
In paid sites you'll be offered brochures that recommend an itinerary/ies for visiting all parts of the location, and also contain background data about the site, its history, geology and the like. In some places there'd be regular guided tours or information headphones, either for extra payment or not. If you are interested in more detailed explanations, consider hiring a guide, possibly from the nearest Field School.
You should be aware that in some of the reserves, there's a sort of a silent agreement between the Authority and the backpackers that if you are passing through as a part of a longer hike, and you don't come through the main entrance, then you don't have to pay. However, that is not always the case, and in some reserves the rangers you'd encounter may demand to see a ticket if they suspect that you haven't passed through the payment stations. As a general rule of thumb, if there's a fence, then you shouldn't climb over it.
Numerous ancient ruins in Israel haven't yet been capitalized upon. In the Shfela you'd see them all around you whether you like it or not, and in many other regions you're also bound to stumble upon some. If you acquire a travel map, you'll know where to find them, as they're all clearly marked on these. Some of these sites consist merely of a few half-fallen stone walls, while others contain the remains of actual buildings that you can enter or climb over, and sometimes there'd even be remains of decorative engravings and other such elements.
These sites could be great additions to your trip. However, you should also tread with care in these, as some may be unstable. Don't try to test them, and don't climb unless there's an arranged way that leads to roof or such.
See Astronomy.
Related: Dealing with emergencies while travelling
Related: Packing for a week of hiking
Related: Wilderness backpacking